CEGE0009
Structural assessment of an existing building using GSA
Coursework Brief
Learning objectives:
1. To be able to model frames with GSA
2. Understand how a reinforced concrete frame is typically modelled with Finite Elements (FE)
3. Understand how a FE global structural model is used to obtain design forces of particular members and check against their resistance
4. Practise capacity calculations of RC members and execute basic code checks
5. Ability to validate an FE model through independent checks
6. Ability to calculate the carbon savings from reuse
7. Know how to behave professionally and ethically as part of a team
8. Ability to write and draw professionally paying due regard to a target audience
Assignment administration
Total weight: 20% of CEGE0009 module mark
Group formation: This assignment in to be performed groups as per grouping on Moodle.
Assessment criteria: See separate document
Submission components approximate breakdown (+/- 5%):
Preliminary Report ~ 25%
Report to Client ~ 20%
Calculation report ~ 45%
Code ~ 10%
Formative Submission of Preliminary Report: Monday 2nd December (Hard copy including drawings on one single A3 submitted to my office GM04 by 5pm)
Q&A Online Session early Jan (To be agreed closer to submission)
Submission Date: 22th Jan 2024 by 5pm. No further extension possible. Not eligible for DAP Final Submission process:
Submission via Moodle using the submission widget in the GSA Assignment Tab in CEGE0009 Moodle Page. Upload one single zip folder per group. The folder should contain four separate files:
1. The three reports in .pdf format (you must resubmit the preliminary report and drawings as pdf)
2. GSA Model (.gwb)
Please make sure the name of the zipfolder and all it contains includes your Group No. Keep the entire submission anonymous.
Background
Figure 1 shows the plan view and elevation of a reinforced-concrete frame, which is the structural system supporting an existing building. The building was originally designed for residential use, with a floor imposed load of 1.5 kN/m2 . This full imposed load was applied on the first two floor slabs, whereas only half of this value acts on the top floor slab because it is just a roof. The building owner is now contemplating changing the type of occupancy of the building from residential to a commercial use.
Figure 1. Diagrammatic structural Plan (top) and Elevation (Bottom) of a reinforced concrete frame.
Your job
As part of your team, you are working as structural engineering consultants advising the client on whether the proposed change of use is structurally safe or not.
Existing Frame Properties
As this is an existing reinforced concrete structure, the beams, columns and slabs already have cross-section dimensions and reinforcement detailing as provided in Figure 2 and at the end of the handout. Your task is to assess whether the existing meets the relevant code checks under the new anticipated design loads as per BS EN 1992-1-1:2004. The allocated structural properties (geometric and material) as well as the new imposed load category can be found on the last page. Shear capacity and detailing will not be considered but a shear reinforcement bar diameter is provided so that the position of the bending reinforcement can be calculated. The assessment of the slabs is not required.
GSA Modelling
Using Oasys GSA 9, you will build a wireframe model composed of 1D beam elements using the frame dimensions and member structural properties allocated to your group (see Table 1). As per usual practice, the steel reinforcement is not included in FE models; however, the specific weight of reinforced concrete should be used so that gravity loads include the weight of the steel reinforcement. The ground-floor columns will be modelled with a clamped (fixed) base.
The floors are made of two-way RC slabs spanning between the perimeter beams part of the frame. As you are not required to assess the slabs, they do not need to be modelled explicitly (i.e. using 2D plate elements) but their load (dead + live) must be applied on the skeletal frame using either 1) the GSA functionality called “area grid load” (see step-by-step guide) or 2) Load Panels. Both options take the uniform loads applied over the slab area and distributes them automatically on the adjacent supporting beams using the tributary area method. Since the loading distribution is quite straightforward, both grid loading and load panel would work. The dead load applied on all slabs includes their own weight + a super imposed load of 1.2 kN/m2 for floor finishes. Assume all slabs have a 150 mm thickness to quantify their self-weight. The self-weight of the remaining structural elements (i.e. columns and beams) will be estimated automatically by GSA as those are to be modelled explicitly as elements.
Distributed line loads of 3kN/m should be also applied on all the perimeter beams supporting the first and second floors only in order to account for the weight of the infill walls within the frame (these are not shown in Figure 1). Regarding the live load, once you have identified the appropriate load value for your building type, apply that on the first two floor slabs only. The roof is unchanged so use the original value mentioned earlier (i.e. half 1.5kN/m2).
Wind load will be considered acting on both elevations. This load will be applied in GSA as horizontal point loads on the nodes of that façade or using load panels using a pressure load. The magnitude of each point load will be calculated by hand assuming that each node takes the resultant of the wind pressure acting on its tributary area of the façade (same method as column tributary area under gravity loads – see separate handout and intro presentation). The wind pressure value to be used in this calculation is group-specific as provided in Table 1.
The model will be analysed using a static, linear analysis. In order to identify the most critical design internal forces that each member will experience, the following load combinations (LCs) should be defined and run (following BS EN 1990:2002 for LC3-5):
1) Permanent Load
2) Wind Load
3) 1.35 Permanent Load + 1.5 Imposed Load
4) 1.35 Permanent Load + 1.5 Wind Load (including some consideration of pattern loading)
5) 1.35 Permanent Load + 1.5 Imposed Load + 0.75 Wind Load
6) 1.35 Permanent Load + 1.5 Imposed Load + 0.75 Snow Load
Loading scenario 2 (Wind only) is unrealistic in isolation (since gravity is always present) and unlikely to lead to critical design forces, but it is useful for the purpose of appreciating the magnitude and shape of the internal actions (moment, shear, axial) generated by wind loading and to make it easier to check some results by hand calculations.
Load patterning means turning on and off the imposed load on a subset of floor panels while permanent loads are always on. This is not codified because it’s quite project specific but an FE model allows you to check quite a few combinations fairly quickly. You should explore this for one floor only and come to some judgement about whether live load patterning ever makes load effects worse and if so where. This should feed into the calcs later.
Although the deflected shape of the building gives some useful qualitative information and often allows mistakes to be spotted, quantitative predictions of deflection from this type of simple RC model require a lot of care. A basic serviceability assessment can still be carried out using the code. References will be provided for those who want to tackle this with the FE model as a bonus challenge.
Deliverables per group:
1. Preliminary Report
Drawings.
o Plan + elevation + perspective on one single A3
o To scale
o Indicate load spanning directions
o Assign a structural grid
o Indicate levels (SSL)
o Draw actual cross-section sizes
o Annotate as necessary
Format: 1 single A3 print-out for formative submission and pdf in final submission
Load estimation (wind, load patterning)
Format: up to 2 pages, only your own diagrams allowed
Assessment strategy (What can go wrong if the loads are increase? How are you going to check this? What likely failure modes which will drive the structural assessment drive by what load combo?
Format: up to 1 page, only your own diagrams allowed
Embodied CO2 Savings from reuse (i.e what would be the CO2 embodied in the structure if it was build new). Format: Up to 1 page, only your own diagrams allowed.
2. Report to the client
The client type is a professional building manager. They are not structural engineers but they know quite a lot about buildings in general. They won’t care about modelling details but will be able to judge if a consultant is acting professionally and competently or not.
Brief intro
Assessment rationale (no generic waffle about FEM or stress/strain or RC design or any other type of waffle. Building managers are no-nonsense, “bottom line people” . Put yourself in their shoes when you write your report.
Summary table comparing calculated member capacities and critical design forces obtained from GSA (specify the load case from which it comes from).
Conclude with your final professional advice to the client and some suggestion as to what could be done for the proposed change of use to be possible.
Format: up to 2 pages, up to two GSA graphs, up to two tables.
3. Calculation Report – Should include:
Resistance Assessment
Frame. stability assessment
Horizontal and vertical serviceability assessments
GSA Model Validation Checks:
These are three basic examples of checks that can be used to validate this GSA model
o Load takedown: floor by floor hand calculations of column axial forces and vertical reactions due to dead load only + comparison with GSA vertical reactions at column base.
o Identify up to three beams (for the entire frame) most likely to be critically loaded under gravity only. Justify your selection with simply qualitative considerations of loads, spans and relevant tributary area. Then for this selection calculate by hand the extreme cases for bending moments and shears for the beams in x-direction when subjected to LC3 only. Compare these with relevant GSA output and comment on agreement/discrepancy.
o Check that it’s ok to model the frame without the reinforcement for a linear elastic analysis. Calculate the uncracked second moment for the beams and columns (see handout on Moodle) and replace the original I with the uncrack I and compare internal forces and deflections between the original model (with gross concrete cross-section). Comment.
Format: up to 4 pages, no GSA graphs allowed, only your own diagrams or sketches should be included as necessary to explain calculations and results. Hand-written calculations are fine but they should be clean, well explained and illustrated.
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